Desenvolvimento Local
Inicializando um Validador Local
Testar o código do seu programa localmente pode ser muito mais confiável do que testar na devnet e pode ajudá-lo a testar antes de experimentar na devnet.
Você pode configurar seu validador de teste local instalando o conjunto de ferramentas da Solana e executando:
solana-test-validator
Benefícios de usar local-test-validator incluem:
- Sem limites de taxa de RPC
- Sem limites de airdrop
- Implantação direta de programas na cadeia (
--bpf-program ...
) - Clonagem de contas de um cluster público, incluindo programas (
--clone ...
) - Retenção configurável de histórico de transações (
--limit-ledger-size ...
) - Comprimento de época configurável (
--slots-per-epoch ...
) - Pular para um slot arbitrário (
--warp-slot ...
)
Conectando a Ambientes
Ao trabalhar com desenvolvimento Solana, você precisará se conectar a um ponto de extremidade de API RPC específico. Solana tem 3 ambientes públicos de desenvolvimento:
- mainnet-beta https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com
- devnet https://api.devnet.solana.com
- testnet https://api.testnet.solana.com
import { clusterApiUrl, Connection } from "@solana/web3.js";
(async () => {
const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("mainnet-beta"), "confirmed");
})();
const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("mainnet-beta"), "confirmed");
from solana.rpc.api import Client
client = Client("https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com")
client = Client("https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com")
#include "solana.hpp"
using namespace many::solana;
int main() {
Connection connection("https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com");
return 0;
}
Connection connection("https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com");
use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_sdk::commitment_config::CommitmentConfig;
fn main() {
let rpc_url = String::from("https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com");
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(rpc_url, CommitmentConfig::confirmed());
}
let rpc_url = String::from("https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com");
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(rpc_url, CommitmentConfig::confirmed());
solana config set --url https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com
solana config set --url https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com
Finalmente, você também pode se conectar a um cluster privado, local ou executado remotamente com o seguinte:
import { Connection } from "@solana/web3.js";
(async () => {
// This will connect you to your local validator
const connection = new Connection("http://127.0.0.1:8899", "confirmed");
})();
const connection = new Connection("http://127.0.0.1:8899", "confirmed");
from solana.rpc.api import Client
client = Client("http://127.0.0.1:8899")
client = Client("http://127.0.0.1:8899")
#include "solana.hpp"
using namespace many::solana;
int main() {
Connection connection("http://127.0.0.1:8899");
return 0;
}
Connection connection("http://127.0.0.1:8899");
use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_sdk::commitment_config::CommitmentConfig;
fn main() {
let rpc_url = String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899");
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(rpc_url, CommitmentConfig::confirmed());
}
let rpc_url = String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899");
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(rpc_url, CommitmentConfig::confirmed());
solana config set --url http://privaterpc.com
solana config set --url http://privaterpc.com
Subscrevendo a Eventos
Os websockets fornecem uma interface pub/sub onde você pode ouvir determinados eventos. Em vez de executar um ping em um ponto de extremidade HTTP típico em um intervalo para obter atualizações frequentes, você pode receber essas atualizações apenas quando elas ocorrem.
Connection
, uma classe web3 da Solana, gera internamente um ponto de extremidade de websocket e registra um cliente websocket quando você cria uma nova instância Connection
(consulte o código-fonte aqui).
A classe Connection
expõe métodos pub/sub - todos eles começam com on
, como emissores de eventos. Quando você chama esses métodos ouvintes, é registrada uma nova assinatura no cliente websocket daquela instância Connection
. O exemplo do método pub/sub que usamos abaixo é onAccountChange
. O retorno de chamada fornecerá os dados de estado atualizados por meio de argumentos (consulte AccountChangeCallback
como exemplo).
import { clusterApiUrl, Connection, Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
(async () => {
// Establish new connect to devnet - websocket client connected to devnet will also be registered here
const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");
// Create a test wallet to listen to
const wallet = Keypair.generate();
// Register a callback to listen to the wallet (ws subscription)
connection.onAccountChange(
wallet.publicKey(),
(updatedAccountInfo, context) =>
console.log("Updated account info: ", updatedAccountInfo),
"confirmed"
);
})();
// Establish new connect to devnet - websocket client connected to devnet will also be registered here
const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");
// Create a test wallet to listen to
const wallet = Keypair.generate();
// Register a callback to listen to the wallet (ws subscription)
connection.onAccountChange(
wallet.publicKey(),
(updatedAccountInfo, context) =>
console.log("Updated account info: ", updatedAccountInfo),
"confirmed"
);
import asyncio
from solders.keypair import Keypair
from solana.rpc.websocket_api import connect
async def main():
async with connect("wss://api.devnet.solana.com") as websocket:
# Create a Test Wallet
wallet = Keypair()
# Subscribe to the Test wallet to listen for events
await websocket.account_subscribe(wallet.pubkey())
# Capture response from account subscription
first_resp = await websocket.recv()
print("Subscription successful with id {}, listening for events \n".format(first_resp.result))
updated_account_info = await websocket.recv()
print(updated_account_info)
asyncio.run(main())
async with connect("wss://api.devnet.solana.com") as websocket:
# Create a Test Wallet
wallet = Keypair()
# Subscribe to the Test wallet to listen for events
await websocket.account_subscribe(wallet.pubkey())
# Capture response from account subscription
first_resp = await websocket.recv()
print("Subscription successful with id {}, listening for events \n".format(first_resp.result))
updated_account_info = await websocket.recv()
print(updated_account_info)
// clang++ on_account_change.cpp -o on_account_change -std=c++17 -lssl -lcrypto -lsodium
#include "solana.hpp"
using namespace many::solana;
int main() {
Connection connection("https://api.devnet.solana.com");
auto key_pair = Keypair::generate();
int subscriptionId = connection.on_account_change(key_pair.public_key, [&](Result<Account> result) {
Account account = result.unwrap();
std::cout << "owner = " << account.owner.to_base58() << std::endl;
std::cout << "lamports = " << account.lamports << std::endl;
std::cout << "data = " << account.data << std::endl;
std::cout << "executable = " << (account.executable ? "true" : "false") << std::endl;
});
sleep(1);
std::string tx_hash = connection.request_airdrop(key_pair.public_key).unwrap();
std::cout << "tx hash = " << tx_hash << std::endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
connection.poll();
sleep(1);
}
connection.remove_account_listener(subscriptionId);
return 0;
}
auto key_pair = Keypair::generate();
int subscriptionId = connection.on_account_change(key_pair.public_key, [&](Result<Account> result) {
Account account = result.unwrap();
std::cout << "owner = " << account.owner.to_base58() << std::endl;
std::cout << "lamports = " << account.lamports << std::endl;
std::cout << "data = " << account.data << std::endl;
std::cout << "executable = " << (account.executable ? "true" : "false") << std::endl;
});
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
connection.poll();
sleep(1);
}
connection.remove_account_listener(subscriptionId);
use solana_client::pubsub_client::PubsubClient;
use solana_client::rpc_config::RpcAccountInfoConfig;
use solana_sdk::commitment_config::CommitmentConfig;
use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair, Signer};
fn main() {
let wallet = Keypair::new();
let pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&wallet);
let ws_url = String::from("wss://api.devnet.solana.com/");
println!("{}", ws_url);
if let Ok(subscription) = PubsubClient::account_subscribe(
&ws_url,
&pubkey,
Some(RpcAccountInfoConfig {
encoding: None,
data_slice: None,
commitment: Some(CommitmentConfig::confirmed()),
}),
) {
let (mut ws_client, receiver) = subscription;
println!("Subscription successful, listening for events");
let handle = std::thread::spawn(move || loop {
println!("Waiting for a message");
match receiver.recv() {
Ok(message) => println!("{:?}", message),
Err(err) => {
println!("Connection broke with {:}", err);
break;
}
}
});
handle.join().unwrap();
ws_client.shutdown().unwrap()
} else {
println!("Errooooor");
}
}
let ws_url = String::from("wss://api.devnet.solana.com/");
let (mut client, receiver) = PubsubClient::account_subscribe(
&ws_url,
&pubkey,
Some(RpcAccountInfoConfig {
encoding: None,
data_slice: None,
commitment: Some(CommitmentConfig::confirmed()),
}),
).unwrap();
let message = match receiver.recv().unwrap();
println!("{:?}", message)
Obtendo SOL de Teste
Ao trabalhar localmente, você vai precisar de algum SOL para enviar transações. Em ambientes fora da mainnet, você pode receber SOL por meio de airdrop em seu endereço.
import { Connection, Keypair, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL } from "@solana/web3.js";
(async () => {
const keypair = Keypair.generate();
const connection = new Connection("http://127.0.0.1:8899", "confirmed");
const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
keypair.publicKey,
LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
const { blockhash, lastValidBlockHeight } = await connection.getLatestBlockhash();
await connection.confirmTransaction({
blockhash,
lastValidBlockHeight,
signature
});
})();
const airdropSignature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
keypair.publicKey,
LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(airdropSignature);
from solders.keypair import Keypair
from solana.rpc.api import Client
wallet = Keypair()
client = Client("https://api.devnet.solana.com")
#Input Airdrop amount in LAMPORTS
client.request_airdrop(wallet.pubkey(), 1000000000)
#Airdrops 1 SOL
#Input Airdrop amount in LAMPORTS
client.request_airdrop(wallet.pubkey(), 1000000000)
#Airdrops 1 SOL
// clang++ request_airdrop.cpp -o request_airdrop -std=c++17 -lssl -lcrypto -lsodium
#include "solana.hpp"
using namespace many::solana;
int main() {
Connection connection("https://api.devnet.solana.com");
auto key_pair = Keypair::generate();
std::string tx_hash = connection.request_airdrop(key_pair.public_key).unwrap();
std::cout << "tx hash = " << tx_hash << std::endl;
return 0;
}
connection.request_airdrop(key_pair.public_key).unwrap();
use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_sdk::commitment_config::CommitmentConfig;
use solana_sdk::native_token::LAMPORTS_PER_SOL;
use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair, Signer};
fn main() {
let wallet = Keypair::new();
let pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&wallet);
let rpc_url = String::from("https://api.devnet.solana.com");
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(rpc_url, CommitmentConfig::confirmed());
match client.request_airdrop(&pubkey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL) {
Ok(sig) => loop {
if let Ok(confirmed) = client.confirm_transaction(&sig) {
if confirmed {
println!("Transaction: {} Status: {}", sig, confirmed);
break;
}
}
},
Err(_) => println!("Error requesting airdrop"),
};
}
match client.request_airdrop(&pubkey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL) {
Ok(sig) => loop {
if let Ok(confirmed) = client.confirm_transaction(&sig) {
if confirmed {
println!("Transaction: {} Status: {}", sig, confirmed);
break;
}
}
},
Err(_) => println!("Error requesting airdrop"),
};
solana airdrop 1
# Return
# "1 SOL"
solana airdrop 1
Usando Contas e Programas Da Mainnet
Muitas vezes, os testes locais dependem de programas e contas disponíveis apenas na mainnet. A CLI da Solana permite:
- Baixar programas e contas
- Carregar programas e contas em um validador local
Como carregar contas da mainnet
É possível baixar a conta de emissão de token SRM para um arquivo:
# solana account -u <source cluster> --output <output format> --output-file <destination file name/path> <address of account to fetch>
solana account -u m --output json-compact --output-file SRM_token.json SRMuApVNdxXokk5GT7XD5cUUgXMBCoAz2LHeuAoKWRt
solana account -u m --output json-compact --output-file SRM_token.json SRMuApVNdxXokk5GT7XD5cUUgXMBCoAz2LHeuAoKWRt
O carregamento para a sua rede local é feito passando o arquivo da conta e o endereço de destino (no cluster local) ao iniciar o validador:
# solana-test-validator --account <address to load the account to> <path to account file> --reset
solana-test-validator --account SRMuApVNdxXokk5GT7XD5cUUgXMBCoAz2LHeuAoKWRt SRM_token.json --reset
solana-test-validator --account SRMuApVNdxXokk5GT7XD5cUUgXMBCoAz2LHeuAoKWRt SRM_token.json --reset
Como carregar programas da mainnet
Da mesma forma, é possível baixar o programa Serum Dex v3:
# solana program dump -u <source cluster> <address of account to fetch> <destination file name/path>
solana program dump -u m 9xQeWvG816bUx9EPjHmaT23yvVM2ZWbrrpZb9PusVFin serum_dex_v3.so
solana program dump -u m 9xQeWvG816bUx9EPjHmaT23yvVM2ZWbrrpZb9PusVFin serum_dex_v3.so
O carregamento para a sua rede local é feito passando o arquivo do programa e o endereço de destino (no cluster local) ao iniciar o validador:
# solana-test-validator --bpf-program <address to load the program to> <path to program file> --reset
solana-test-validator --bpf-program 9xQeWvG816bUx9EPjHmaT23yvVM2ZWbrrpZb9PusVFin serum_dex_v3.so --reset
solana-test-validator --bpf-program 9xQeWvG816bUx9EPjHmaT23yvVM2ZWbrrpZb9PusVFin serum_dex_v3.so --reset