Solana秘籍

密钥对和钱包

如何生成新的密钥对

对于使用Solana库执行各种操作，许多操作都需要一个密钥对或钱包。如果你正在连接到一个钱包，那么你不必担心。然而，如果你需要一个密钥对，你会需要生成一个。

Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  let keypair = Keypair.generate();
})();

from solders.keypair import Keypair

keypair = Keypair()

// clang++ generate_keypair.cpp -o generate_keypair -std=c++17 -lssl -lcrypto -lsodium

#include "solana.hpp"

using namespace many::solana;

int main() {
  auto key_pair = Keypair::generate();

  auto public_key = key_pair.public_key;
  std::cout << "public_key = " << public_key.to_base58() << std::endl;

  return 0;
}

use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair};

fn main() {
    let wallet = Keypair::new();
}

$ solana-keygen new

# pubkey: 9ZNTfG4NyQgxy2SWjSiQoUyBPEvXT2xo7fKc5hPYYJ7b

如何从密钥恢复密钥对

如果你已经有了密钥，你可以通过这个密钥获取密钥对，以测试你的dApp。

  1. 从字节中：
Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSecretKey(
    Uint8Array.from([
      174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56,
      222, 53, 138, 189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246,
      15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240, 148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121,
      121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48, 63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ])
  );
})();

from solders.keypair import Keypair

secret_key= [
        174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138,
        189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240,
        148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48,
        63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ]
    
keypair = Keypair.from_bytes(secret_key)
print("Created Keypair with Public Key: {}".format(keypair.pubkey()))

// clang++ keypair_from_seed.cpp -o keypair_from_seed -std=c++17 -lssl -lcrypto -lsodium

#include "solana.hpp"

using namespace many::solana;

int main() {
  const uint8_t bytes[] = {
    174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138,
    189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240,
    148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48,
    63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
  };
  Keypair key_pair = Keypair::from_seed(bytes);
  std::cout << "Created Keypair with Public Key: " << key_pair.public_key.to_base58() << std::endl;
}

use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair, Signer};

fn main() {
    let secret_key: [u8; 64] = [
        174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138,
        189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240,
        148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48,
        63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ];

    if let Ok(wallet) = Keypair::from_bytes(&secret_key) {
        let pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&wallet);
        println!("Created keypair: {}", pubkey)
    }
}

# input your secret into the Keypath listed under solana config get
  1. 从Base58字符串：
Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
import * as bs58 from "bs58";

(async () => {
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSecretKey(
    bs58.decode(
      "5MaiiCavjCmn9Hs1o3eznqDEhRwxo7pXiAYez7keQUviUkauRiTMD8DrESdrNjN8zd9mTmVhRvBJeg5vhyvgrAhG"
    )
  );
})();

from solders.keypair import Keypair

b58_string = "5MaiiCavjCmn9Hs1o3eznqDEhRwxo7pXiAYez7keQUviUkauRiTMD8DrESdrNjN8zd9mTmVhRvBJeg5vhyvgrAhG"
keypair = Keypair.from_string(b58_string)
print("Created Keypair with Public Key: {}".format(keypair.pubkey()))

use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair, Signer};

fn main() {
    let wallet = Keypair::from_base58_string(
        "5MaiiCavjCmn9Hs1o3eznqDEhRwxo7pXiAYez7keQUviUkauRiTMD8DrESdrNjN8zd9mTmVhRvBJeg5vhyvgrAhG",
    );
    let pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&wallet);
    println!("Created keypair: {}", pubkey)
}

如何验证密钥对

如果你有了个密钥对，你可以验证密钥对的私钥是否与给定的公钥匹配。

Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair, PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const publicKey = new PublicKey(
    "24PNhTaNtomHhoy3fTRaMhAFCRj4uHqhZEEoWrKDbR5p"
  );
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSecretKey(
    Uint8Array.from([
      174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56,
      222, 53, 138, 189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246,
      15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240, 148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121,
      121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48, 63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ])
  );
  console.log(keypair.publicKey.toBase58() === publicKey.toBase58());
  // true
})();

from solders.keypair import Keypair
from solders.pubkey import Pubkey

public_key = Pubkey.from_string("24PNhTaNtomHhoy3fTRaMhAFCRj4uHqhZEEoWrKDbR5p")

keys = [
        174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138,
        189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240,
        148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48,
        63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ]
keypair = Keypair.from_bytes(keys)

print(keypair.pubkey() == public_key)
# True

// clang++ verify_keypair.cpp -o verify_keypair -std=c++17 -lssl -lcrypto -lsodium

#include "solana.hpp"

using namespace many::solana;

int main() {
  PublicKey public_key = PublicKey("24PNhTaNtomHhoy3fTRaMhAFCRj4uHqhZEEoWrKDbR5p");

  const uint8_t bytes[] = {
    174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138,
    189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240,
    148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48,
    63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
  };
  Keypair key_pair = Keypair::from_seed(bytes);

  std::cout << (public_key.to_base58() == key_pair.public_key.to_base58()) << std::endl;
}

solana-keygen verify <PUBKEY> prompt://

如何检查一个公钥是否有关联的私钥

在某些特殊情况下（例如，派生自程序的地址(PDA)），公钥可能没有关联的私钥。你可以通过查看公钥是否位于ed25519曲线上来检查这一点。只有位于曲线上的公钥才可以由具有钱包的用户控制。

Press </> button to view full source
import { PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async function () {
  // Note that Keypair.generate() will always give a public key that is valid for users
  const key = new PublicKey("5oNDL3swdJJF1g9DzJiZ4ynHXgszjAEpUkxVYejchzrY"); // Valid public key
  console.log(PublicKey.isOnCurve(key.toBytes())); // Lies on the ed25519 curve and is suitable for users

  const offCurveAddress = new PublicKey(
    "4BJXYkfvg37zEmBbsacZjeQDpTNx91KppxFJxRqrz48e"
  ); // Valid public key
  console.log(PublicKey.isOnCurve(offCurveAddress.toBytes())); // Not on the ed25519 curve, therefore not suitable for users

  const errorPubkey = new PublicKey("testPubkey"); // Is not a valid public key
})();

from solders.pubkey import Pubkey

# Note that Keypair() will always give a public key that is valid for users
key = Pubkey.from_string('5oNDL3swdJJF1g9DzJiZ4ynHXgszjAEpUkxVYejchzrY') # Valid public key
print(key.is_on_curve()) # Lies on the ed25519 curve and is suitable for users

off_curve_address = Pubkey.from_string('4BJXYkfvg37zEmBbsacZjeQDpTNx91KppxFJxRqrz48e') # Valid public key
print(off_curve_address.is_on_curve()) # Not on the ed25519 curve, therefore not suitable for users

error_pubkey = Pubkey.from_string("testPubkey"); # Is not a valid public key

#include <iostream>
#include <solana_sdk.h>

int main()
{
    auto public_key = PublicKey("5oNDL3swdJJF1g9DzJiZ4ynHXgszjAEpUkxVYejchzrY");

    std::cout << public_key.is_on_curve() << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

use solana_sdk::pubkey::{Pubkey};
use std::str::FromStr;

fn main() {
    // Note that Keypair::new() will always give a public key that is valid for users
    let pubkey = Pubkey::from_str("5oNDL3swdJJF1g9DzJiZ4ynHXgszjAEpUkxVYejchzrY").unwrap(); // Valid public key
    println!("{:?}", pubkey.is_on_curve()); // Lies on the ed25519 curve and is suitable for users

    let off_curve_address = Pubkey::from_str("4BJXYkfvg37zEmBbsacZjeQDpTNx91KppxFJxRqrz48e").unwrap(); // Valid public key
    println!("{:?}", off_curve_address.is_on_curve()); // Not on the ed25519 curve, therefore not suitable for users

    let error_pubkey = Pubkey::from_str("testPubkey").unwrap(); // Is not a valid public key
}

如何生成助记词

如果你正在创建一个钱包，你需要生成一个助记词，以便用户可以将其保存为备份。

Press </> button to view full source
import * as bip39 from "bip39";

const mnemonic = bip39.generateMnemonic();

from mnemonic import Mnemonic

mnemo = Mnemonic("english")
words = mnemo.generate(strength=256)

solana-keygen new

如何通过助记词恢复密钥对

许多钱包扩展使用助记词来表示其密钥。你可以将助记词转换为密钥对以进行本地测试。

  1. BIP39 - 创建单个钱包的步骤如下：
Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
import * as bip39 from "bip39";

(async () => {
  const mnemonic =
    "pill tomorrow foster begin walnut borrow virtual kick shift mutual shoe scatter";
  const seed = bip39.mnemonicToSeedSync(mnemonic, ""); // (mnemonic, password)
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSeed(seed.slice(0, 32));
  console.log(`${keypair.publicKey.toBase58()}`); // 5ZWj7a1f8tWkjBESHKgrLmXshuXxqeY9SYcfbshpAqPG
})();

from solders.keypair import Keypair
from mnemonic import Mnemonic

mnemo = Mnemonic("english")
seed = mnemo.to_seed("pill tomorrow foster begin walnut borrow virtual kick shift mutual shoe scatter")
keypair = Keypair.from_bytes(seed)
print("Created Keypair with Public Key: {}".format(keypair.pubkey()))

solana-keygen recover
  1. BIP44 （多个钱包，也叫HD钱包）

你可以从一个单一种子生成多个钱包，也被称为“分层确定性钱包”或HD钱包。

Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { HDKey } from "micro-ed25519-hdkey";
import * as bip39 from "bip39";

(async () => {
  const mnemonic =
    "neither lonely flavor argue grass remind eye tag avocado spot unusual intact";
  const seed = bip39.mnemonicToSeedSync(mnemonic, ""); // (mnemonic, password)
  const hd = HDKey.fromMasterSeed(seed.toString("hex"));
  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    const path = `m/44'/501'/${i}'/0'`;
    const keypair = Keypair.fromSeed(hd.derive(path).privateKey);
    console.log(`${path} => ${keypair.publicKey.toBase58()}`);
  }
})();

solana-keygen recover 'prompt:?key=0/0'

如何生成自定义地址(vanity address)

自定义公钥或地址（Vanity Address）是以特定字符开头的密钥。例如，一个人可能希望公钥以 "elv1s" 或 "cook" 开头，这样可以帮助他人记住密钥所属的人，使密钥更容易识别。

注意: 自定义地址中字符的数量越多，生成时间将会更长。

::: 警告 在此任务中，您应该使用命令行界面（CLI）。Python和TypeScript的示例仅用于说明，速度比CLI慢得多。 :::

Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  let keypair = Keypair.generate();
  while (!keypair.publicKey.toBase58().startsWith("elv1s")) {
    keypair = Keypair.generate();
  }
})();

from solders.keypair import Keypair

keypair = Keypair()
while(str(keypair.pubkey())[:5]!="elv1s") :
    keypair = Keypair()
    
print("Created Keypair with Public Key: {}".format(keypair.pubkey()))

// clang++ vanity_keypair.cpp -o vanity_keypair -std=c++17 -lssl -lcrypto -lsodium

#include "solana.hpp"

using namespace many::solana;

int main() {
  auto key_pair = Keypair::generate();

  while (key_pair.public_key.to_base58().substr(0, 5) != "elv1s") {
    key_pair = Keypair::generate();
  }

  std::cout << "Created Keypair with Public Key: " << key_pair.public_key.to_base58() << std::endl;
}

solana-keygen grind --starts-with e1v1s:1

如何使用钱包来签名和验证消息

密钥对的主要功能是对消息进行签名并验证签名的有效性。通过验证签名，接收方可以确保数据是由特定私钥的所有者签名的。

为此，我们将导入TweetNaClopen in new window 密码库，并按照以下步骤进行操作：

Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
import nacl from "tweetnacl";
import { decodeUTF8 } from "tweetnacl-util";

(async () => {
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSecretKey(
    Uint8Array.from([
      174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56,
      222, 53, 138, 189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246,
      15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240, 148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121,
      121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48, 63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ])
  );

  const message = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog";
  const messageBytes = decodeUTF8(message);

  const signature = nacl.sign.detached(messageBytes, keypair.secretKey);
  const result = nacl.sign.detached.verify(
    messageBytes,
    signature,
    keypair.publicKey.toBytes()
  );

  console.log(result);
})();

from solders.keypair import Keypair

secret_key =  [
      174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138, 189, 224, 216, 117,
      173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240, 148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240,
      121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48, 63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ] 
keypair = Keypair.from_bytes(secret_key)
message = b"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
signature = keypair.sign_message(message)
verify_sign = signature.verify(keypair.pubkey(), message)

print(verify_sign) # bool

如何连接到钱包

Solana的钱包适配器open in new window 库使客户端管理钱包连接变得简单。

反应

运行以下命令来安装所需的依赖项：

yarn add @solana/wallet-adapter-react @solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui @solana/wallet-adapter-base @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets

React的钱包适配器库允许我们通过钩子和上下文提供程序来持久化和访问钱包连接状态，主要包括useWallet、WalletProvider、useConnection和ConnectionProvider。WalletProvider和ConnectionProvider必须包装React应用程。

此外，我们可以使用useWalletModal来提示用户进行连接，通过切换连接模态框的可见性，并将应用程序包装在@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui中的WalletModalProvider中。连接模态框将处理连接流程，因此我们只需监听钱包连接的状态。当useWallet的响应具有非空的wallet属性时，我们知道钱包已连接。反之，如果该属性为空，我们知道钱包已断开连接。

Press </> button to view full source
import React, { useMemo, FC, PropsWithChildren } from "react";
import {
  ConnectionProvider,
  WalletProvider,
} from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import { WalletModalProvider } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui";
import { WalletAdapterNetwork } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-base";
import {
  LedgerWalletAdapter,
  PhantomWalletAdapter,
  SlopeWalletAdapter,
  TorusWalletAdapter,
} from "@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets";
import { clusterApiUrl } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { useWallet } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import { useWalletModal } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui";
import { MouseEventHandler } from "react";

export const Web3Provider: FC<PropsWithChildren<{}>> = ({ children }) => {
  // Can be set to 'devnet', 'testnet', or 'mainnet-beta'
  const endpoint = useMemo(
    () => clusterApiUrl(WalletAdapterNetwork.Devnet),
    []
  );

  // @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets includes all the adapters but supports tree shaking --
  // Only the wallets you configure here will be compiled into your application
  const wallets = useMemo(
    () => [
      new PhantomWalletAdapter(),
      new SlopeWalletAdapter(),
      new TorusWalletAdapter(),
      new LedgerWalletAdapter(),
    ],
    []
  );

  return (
    <ConnectionProvider endpoint={endpoint}>
      <WalletModalProvider>
        <WalletProvider wallets={wallets}>{children}</WalletProvider>
      </WalletModalProvider>
    </ConnectionProvider>
  );
};

/**
 * Make sure to wrap the App with
 * ConnectionProvider, WalletProvider, and WalletModalProvider.
 *
 * If you have a lot of Providers already, you can combine them
 * into a single wrapper (i.e. Web3Provider) instead.
 */
export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Web3Provider>
      <AppChild />
    </Web3Provider>
  );
};

const AppChild = () => {
  const { wallet } = useWallet();
  const { setVisible } = useWalletModal();

  // Display the connection modal
  const onRequestConnectWallet = () => {
    setVisible(true);
  };

  // Prompt user to connect wallet
  if (!wallet) {
    return <button onClick={onRequestConnectWallet}>Connect Wallet</button>;
  }

  return (
    <main>
      <p>Wallet successfully connected!</p>
      <p>{wallet.publicKey.toString()}</p>
    </main>
  );
};

Vue

运行以下命令来安装所需的依赖项：

npm install solana-wallets-vue @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets

Solana的Vue钱包open in new window 插件允许我们初始化钱包存储，并创建一个名为$wallet的全局属性，可以在任何组件中访问。你可以在此处open in new window 查看可以从useWallet()获取的所有属性和方法。我们还导入并渲染WalletMultiButton组件，以允许用户选择钱包并连接到它。

Press </> button to view full source
<script setup>
import { WalletMultiButton } from "solana-wallets-vue";
import {
  LedgerWalletAdapter,
  PhantomWalletAdapter,
  SlopeWalletAdapter,
  TorusWalletAdapter,
} from "@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets";
import { initWallet, useWallet } from "solana-wallets-vue";

const wallets = {
  wallets: [
    new PhantomWalletAdapter(),
    new SlopeWalletAdapter(),
    new TorusWalletAdapter(),
    new LedgerWalletAdapter(),
  ],
};
initWallet(wallets);

const { connected, wallet } = useWallet();
</script>

<template>
  <div>
    <p v-if="connected">
      Wallet with public key {{ wallet.publicKey }} successfully connected!
    </p>
    <div v-else>
      <wallet-multi-button></wallet-multi-button>
    </div>
  </div>
</template>

Svelte

运行以下命令来安装所需的依赖项：

npm install @svelte-on-solana/wallet-adapter-core @svelte-on-solana/wallet-adapter-ui @solana/wallet-adapter-base @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets @solana/web3.js

Svelte Wallet Adapteropen in new window 包允许我们在使用Svelte模板或SvelteKit创建的项目中，在所有JS、TS或/和Svelte文件之间添加一个可访问的Svelte Store（$walletStore）。使用 此处open in new window 的存储库引用，您可以在SSR或SPA中使用适配器。UI包含一个<WalletMultiButton />组件，允许用户选择一个钱包并连接到它。

Press </> button to view full source
<script>
  import { walletStore } from "@svelte-on-solana/wallet-adapter-core";
  import {
    WalletProvider,
    WalletMultiButton,
    ConnectionProvider,
  } from "@svelte-on-solana/wallet-adapter-ui";
  import { clusterApiUrl } from "@solana/web3.js";
  import {
    PhantomWalletAdapter,
    SolflareWalletAdapter,
    TorusWalletAdapter,
    LedgerWalletAdapter,
  } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets";

  const localStorageKey = "walletAdapter";
  const network = clusterApiUrl("devnet"); // localhost or mainnet

  let wallets = [
    new PhantomWalletAdapter(),
    new SolflareWalletAdapter(),
    new TorusWalletAdapter(),
    new LedgerWalletAdapter(),
  ];
</script>

<WalletProvider {localStorageKey} {wallets} autoConnect />
<ConnectionProvider {network} />

{#if $walletStore?.connected} Wallet with public key {$walletStore.publicKey}
successfully connected! {:else}
<WalletMultiButton />
{/if}
Last Updated:
Contributors: lillianrf