编写程序

如何在程序中转移 SOL

你的Solana程序可以在不"调用"系统程序的情况下将lamports从一个账户转移给另一个账户。基本规则是，你的程序可以将lamports从你的程序所拥有的任何账户转移到任何账户。

接收方账户不一定要是你的程序所拥有的账户。

/// Transfers lamports from one account (must be program owned)
/// to another account. The recipient can by any account
fn transfer_service_fee_lamports(
    from_account: &AccountInfo,
    to_account: &AccountInfo,
    amount_of_lamports: u64,
) -> ProgramResult {
    // Does the from account have enough lamports to transfer?
    if **from_account.try_borrow_lamports()? < amount_of_lamports {
        return Err(CustomError::InsufficientFundsForTransaction.into());
    }
    // Debit from_account and credit to_account
    **from_account.try_borrow_mut_lamports()? -= amount_of_lamports;
    **to_account.try_borrow_mut_lamports()? += amount_of_lamports;
    Ok(())
}

/// Primary function handler associated with instruction sent
/// to your program
fn instruction_handler(accounts: &[AccountInfo]) -> ProgramResult {
    // Get the 'from' and 'to' accounts
    let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    let from_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
    let to_service_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;

    // Extract a service 'fee' of 5 lamports for performing this instruction
    transfer_service_fee_lamports(from_account, to_service_account, 5u64)?;

    // Perform the primary instruction
    // ... etc.

    Ok(())
}

如何在程序中获取时钟

获取时钟的方法有两种：

将SYSVAR_CLOCK_PUBKEY作为指令的参数传入。
在指令内部直接访问时钟。

了解这两种方法会对你有好处，因为一些传统的程序仍然将SYSVAR_CLOCK_PUBKEY作为一个账户来使用。

在指令中将时钟作为一个账户传递

让我们创建一个指令，该指令接收一个账户用于初始化，并接收 SYSVAR 的公钥。

Press </> button to view full source

use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    clock::Clock,
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    msg,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
    sysvar::Sysvar,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub struct HelloState {
    is_initialized: bool,
}

// Accounts required
/// 1. [signer, writable] Payer
/// 2. [writable] Hello state account
/// 3. [] Clock sys var
pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    // Payer account
    let _payer_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Hello state account
    let hello_state_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Clock sysvar
    let sysvar_clock_pubkey = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    let mut hello_state = HelloState::try_from_slice(&hello_state_account.data.borrow())?;
    hello_state.is_initialized = true;
    hello_state.serialize(&mut &mut hello_state_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
    msg!("Account initialized :)");

    // Type casting [AccountInfo] to [Clock]
    let clock = Clock::from_account_info(&sysvar_clock_pubkey)?;
    // Getting timestamp
    let current_timestamp = clock.unix_timestamp;
    msg!("Current Timestamp: {}", current_timestamp);

    Ok(())
}

现在，我们通过客户端传递时钟的 SYSVAR 公共地址:

Press </> button to view full source

import {
  clusterApiUrl,
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  PublicKey,
  SystemProgram,
  SYSVAR_CLOCK_PUBKEY,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "77ezihTV6mTh2Uf3ggwbYF2NyGJJ5HHah1GrdowWJVD3"
  );

  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");

  // Airdropping 1 SOL
  const feePayer = Keypair.generate();
  await connection.confirmTransaction(
    await connection.requestAirdrop(feePayer.publicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
  );

  // Hello state account
  const helloAccount = Keypair.generate();

  const accountSpace = 1; // because there exists just one boolean variable
  const rentRequired = await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(
    accountSpace
  );

  // Allocating space for hello state account
  const allocateHelloAccountIx = SystemProgram.createAccount({
    fromPubkey: feePayer.publicKey,
    lamports: rentRequired,
    newAccountPubkey: helloAccount.publicKey,
    programId: programId,
    space: accountSpace,
  });

  // Passing Clock Sys Var
  const passClockIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: feePayer.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: helloAccount.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
        pubkey: SYSVAR_CLOCK_PUBKEY,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  transaction.add(allocateHelloAccountIx, passClockIx);

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [
    feePayer,
    helloAccount,
  ]);

  console.log(`Transaction succeeded. TxHash: ${txHash}`);
})();

(async () => {
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "77ezihTV6mTh2Uf3ggwbYF2NyGJJ5HHah1GrdowWJVD3"
  );

  // Passing Clock Sys Var
  const passClockIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: helloAccount.publicKey,
      },
      {
        is_signer: false,
        is_writable: false,
        pubkey: SYSVAR_CLOCK_PUBKEY,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  transaction.add(passClockIx);

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [
    feePayer,
    helloAccount,
  ]);

  console.log(`Transaction succeeded. TxHash: ${txHash}`);
})();

在指令内部直接访问时钟

让我们创建同样的指令，但这次我们不需要从客户端传递SYSVAR_CLOCK_PUBKEY。

Press </> button to view full source

use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    clock::Clock,
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    msg,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
    sysvar::Sysvar,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub struct HelloState {
    is_initialized: bool,
}

// Accounts required
/// 1. [signer, writable] Payer
/// 2. [writable] Hello state account
pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    // Payer account
    let _payer_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Hello state account
    let hello_state_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    // Getting clock directly
    let clock = Clock::get()?;

    let mut hello_state = HelloState::try_from_slice(&hello_state_account.data.borrow())?;
    hello_state.is_initialized = true;
    hello_state.serialize(&mut &mut hello_state_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
    msg!("Account initialized :)");

    // Getting timestamp
    let current_timestamp = clock.unix_timestamp;
    msg!("Current Timestamp: {}", current_timestamp);

    Ok(())
}

现在，客户端只需要传递状态和支付账户的指令:

Press </> button to view full source

import {
  clusterApiUrl,
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  PublicKey,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "4ZEdbCtb5UyCSiAMHV5eSHfyjq3QwbG3yXb6oHD7RYjk"
  );

  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");

  // Airdropping 1 SOL
  const feePayer = Keypair.generate();
  await connection.confirmTransaction(
    await connection.requestAirdrop(feePayer.publicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
  );

  // Hello state account
  const helloAccount = Keypair.generate();

  const accountSpace = 1; // because there exists just one boolean variable
  const rentRequired = await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(
    accountSpace
  );

  // Allocating space for hello state account
  const allocateHelloAccountIx = SystemProgram.createAccount({
    fromPubkey: feePayer.publicKey,
    lamports: rentRequired,
    newAccountPubkey: helloAccount.publicKey,
    programId: programId,
    space: accountSpace,
  });

  const initIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: feePayer.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: helloAccount.publicKey,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  transaction.add(allocateHelloAccountIx, initIx);

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [
    feePayer,
    helloAccount,
  ]);

  console.log(`Transaction succeeded. TxHash: ${txHash}`);
})();

(async () => {
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "4ZEdbCtb5UyCSiAMHV5eSHfyjq3QwbG3yXb6oHD7RYjk"
  );

  // No more requirement to pass clock sys var key
  const initAccountIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: helloAccount.publicKey,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  transaction.add(initAccountIx);

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [
    feePayer,
    helloAccount,
  ]);

  console.log(`Transaction succeeded. TxHash: ${txHash}`);
})();

如何更改账户大小

你可以使用realloc函数来更改程序拥有的账户的大小。realloc函数可以将账户的大小调整到最大10KB。当你使用realloc增加账户的大小时，你需要转移lamports以保持该账户的租金免除状态。

Press </> button to view full source

use {
  crate::{
      instruction::WhitelistInstruction,
      state::WhiteListData,
  },
  borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize},
  solana_program::{
      account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
      entrypoint::ProgramResult,
      msg,
      program::invoke_signed,
      program::invoke,
      program_error::ProgramError,
      pubkey::Pubkey,
      sysvar::Sysvar,
      sysvar::rent::Rent,
      system_instruction,
  },
  std::convert::TryInto,
};

pub fn process_instruction(
  _program_id: &Pubkey,
  accounts: &[AccountInfo],
  input: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
  // Length = BOOL + VEC + Pubkey * n (n = number of keys)
  const INITIAL_ACCOUNT_LEN: usize = 1 + 4 + 0 ;
  msg!("input: {:?}", input);

  let instruction = WhitelistInstruction::try_from_slice(input)?;

  let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();

  let funding_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
  let pda_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
  let system_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

  match instruction {
    WhitelistInstruction::Initialize => {
      msg!("Initialize");

      let (pda, pda_bump) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
          &[
            b"customaddress",
            &funding_account.key.to_bytes(),
          ],
          _program_id,
      );

      let signers_seeds: &[&[u8]; 3] = &[
          b"customaddress",
          &funding_account.key.to_bytes(),
          &[pda_bump],
      ];
      
      if pda.ne(&pda_account.key) {
          return Err(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData);
      }

      let lamports_required = Rent::get()?.minimum_balance(INITIAL_ACCOUNT_LEN);
      let create_pda_account_ix = system_instruction::create_account(
          &funding_account.key,
          &pda_account.key,
          lamports_required,
          INITIAL_ACCOUNT_LEN.try_into().unwrap(),
          &_program_id,
      );

      invoke_signed(
          &create_pda_account_ix,
          &[
              funding_account.clone(),
              pda_account.clone(),
              system_program.clone(),
          ],
          &[signers_seeds],
      )?;
      
      let mut pda_account_state = WhiteListData::try_from_slice(&pda_account.data.borrow())?;

      pda_account_state.is_initialized = true;
      pda_account_state.white_list = Vec::new();
      pda_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut pda_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
      Ok(())
    }
    WhitelistInstruction::AddKey { key } => {
      msg!("AddKey");

      let mut pda_account_state = WhiteListData::try_from_slice(&pda_account.data.borrow())?;
      
      if !pda_account_state.is_initialized {
          return Err(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData);
      }

      let new_size = pda_account.data.borrow().len() + 32;

      let rent = Rent::get()?;
      let new_minimum_balance = rent.minimum_balance(new_size);
      
      let lamports_diff = new_minimum_balance.saturating_sub(pda_account.lamports());
      invoke(
          &system_instruction::transfer(funding_account.key, pda_account.key, lamports_diff),
          &[
              funding_account.clone(),
              pda_account.clone(),
              system_program.clone(),
          ],
      )?;

      pda_account.realloc(new_size, false)?;

      pda_account_state.white_list.push(key);
      pda_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut pda_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;

      Ok(())
    }
  }
}

// adding a publickey to the account
let new_size = pda_account.data.borrow().len() + 32;

let rent = Rent::get()?;
let new_minimum_balance = rent.minimum_balance(new_size);

let lamports_diff = new_minimum_balance.saturating_sub(pda_account.lamports());
invoke(
    &system_instruction::transfer(funding_account.key, pda_account.key, lamports_diff),
    &[
        funding_account.clone(),
        pda_account.clone(),
        system_program.clone(),
    ],
)?;

pda_account.realloc(new_size, false)?;

跨程序调用的方法

跨程序调用，简单来说，就是在我们的程序中调用另一个程序的指令。一个很好的例子是Uniswap的swap功能。UniswapV2Router合约调用必要的逻辑进行交换，并调用ERC20合约的transfer函数将代币从一个人转移到另一个人。同样的方式，我们可以调用程序的指令来实现多种目的。

让我们来看看我们的第一个例子，即SPL Token Program的transfer指令。进行转账所需的账户包括：

源代币账户（我们持有代币的账户）
目标代币账户（我们要将代币转移至的账户）
源代币账户的持有者（我们将为其签名的钱包地址）

Press </> button to view full source

use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    msg,
    program::invoke,
    program_error::ProgramError,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
};
use spl_token::instruction::transfer;

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

// Accounts required
/// 1. [writable] Source Token Account
/// 2. [writable] Destination Token Account
/// 3. [signer] Source Token Account holder's PubKey
/// 4. [] Token Program
pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();

    // Accounts required for token transfer

    // 1. Token account we hold
    let source_token_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // 2. Token account to send to
    let destination_token_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // 3. Our wallet address
    let source_token_account_holder = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // 4. Token Program
    let token_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    // Parsing the token transfer amount from instruction data
    // a. Getting the 0th to 8th index of the u8 byte array
    // b. Converting the obtained non zero u8 to a proper u8 (as little endian integers)
    // c. Converting the little endian integers to a u64 number
    let token_transfer_amount = instruction_data
        .get(..8)
        .and_then(|slice| slice.try_into().ok())
        .map(u64::from_le_bytes)
        .ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData)?;

    msg!(
        "Transferring {} tokens from {} to {}",
        token_transfer_amount,
        source_token_account.key.to_string(),
        destination_token_account.key.to_string()
    );

    // Creating a new TransactionInstruction
    /*
        Internal representation of the instruction's return value (Result<Instruction, ProgramError>)

        Ok(Instruction {
            program_id: *token_program_id, // PASSED FROM USER
            accounts,
            data,
        })
    */

    let transfer_tokens_instruction = transfer(
        &token_program.key,
        &source_token_account.key,
        &destination_token_account.key,
        &source_token_account_holder.key,
        &[&source_token_account_holder.key],
        token_transfer_amount,
    )?;

    let required_accounts_for_transfer = [
        source_token_account.clone(),
        destination_token_account.clone(),
        source_token_account_holder.clone(),
    ];

    // Passing the TransactionInstruction to send
    invoke(
        &transfer_tokens_instruction,
        &required_accounts_for_transfer,
    )?;

    msg!("Transfer successful");

    Ok(())
}

let token_transfer_amount = instruction_data
    .get(..8)
    .and_then(|slice| slice.try_into().ok())
    .map(u64::from_le_bytes)
    .ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData)?;

let transfer_tokens_instruction = transfer(
    &token_program.key,
    &source_token_account.key,
    &destination_token_account.key,
    &source_token_account_holder.key,
    &[&source_token_account_holder.key],
    token_transfer_amount,
)?;

let required_accounts_for_transfer = [
    source_token_account.clone(),
    destination_token_account.clone(),
    source_token_account_holder.clone(),
];

invoke(
    &transfer_tokens_instruction,
    &required_accounts_for_transfer,
)?;

相应的客户端指令如下所示。有关了解铸币和代币创建指令，请参考附近的完整代码。

Press </> button to view full source

import {
  clusterApiUrl,
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  PublicKey,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
  AccountLayout,
  MintLayout,
  Token,
  TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
  u64,
} from "@solana/spl-token";

import * as BN from "bn.js";

// Users
const PAYER_KEYPAIR = Keypair.generate();
const RECEIVER_KEYPAIR = Keypair.generate().publicKey;

// Mint and token accounts
const TOKEN_MINT_ACCOUNT = Keypair.generate();
const SOURCE_TOKEN_ACCOUNT = Keypair.generate();
const DESTINATION_TOKEN_ACCOUNT = Keypair.generate();

// Numbers
const DEFAULT_DECIMALS_COUNT = 9;
const TOKEN_TRANSFER_AMOUNT = 50 * 10 ** DEFAULT_DECIMALS_COUNT;
const TOKEN_TRANSFER_AMOUNT_BUFFER = Buffer.from(
  Uint8Array.of(...new BN(TOKEN_TRANSFER_AMOUNT).toArray("le", 8))
);

(async () => {
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "EfYK91eN3AqTwY1C34W6a33qGAtQ8HJYVhNv7cV4uMZj"
  );

  const mintDataSpace = MintLayout.span;
  const mintRentRequired = await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(
    mintDataSpace
  );

  const tokenDataSpace = AccountLayout.span;
  const tokenRentRequired = await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(
    tokenDataSpace
  );

  // Airdropping some SOL
  await connection.confirmTransaction(
    await connection.requestAirdrop(PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
  );

  // Allocating space and rent for mint account
  const createMintAccountIx = SystemProgram.createAccount({
    fromPubkey: PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
    lamports: mintRentRequired,
    newAccountPubkey: TOKEN_MINT_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
    programId: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    space: mintDataSpace,
  });

  // Initializing mint with decimals and authority
  const initializeMintIx = Token.createInitMintInstruction(
    TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    TOKEN_MINT_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
    DEFAULT_DECIMALS_COUNT,
    PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey, // mintAuthority
    PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey // freezeAuthority
  );

  // Allocating space and rent for source token account
  const createSourceTokenAccountIx = SystemProgram.createAccount({
    fromPubkey: PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
    newAccountPubkey: SOURCE_TOKEN_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
    lamports: tokenRentRequired,
    programId: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    space: tokenDataSpace,
  });

  // Initializing token account with mint and owner
  const initializeSourceTokenAccountIx = Token.createInitAccountInstruction(
    TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    TOKEN_MINT_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
    SOURCE_TOKEN_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
    PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey
  );

  // Minting tokens to the source token account for transferring later to destination account
  const mintTokensIx = Token.createMintToInstruction(
    TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    TOKEN_MINT_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
    SOURCE_TOKEN_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
    PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
    [PAYER_KEYPAIR],
    TOKEN_TRANSFER_AMOUNT
  );

  // Allocating space and rent for destination token account
  const createDestinationTokenAccountIx = SystemProgram.createAccount({
    fromPubkey: PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
    newAccountPubkey: DESTINATION_TOKEN_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
    lamports: tokenRentRequired,
    programId: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    space: tokenDataSpace,
  });

  // Initializing token account with mint and owner
  const initializeDestinationTokenAccountIx =
    Token.createInitAccountInstruction(
      TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
      TOKEN_MINT_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
      DESTINATION_TOKEN_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
      RECEIVER_KEYPAIR
    );

  // Our program's CPI instruction (transfer)
  const transferTokensIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    data: TOKEN_TRANSFER_AMOUNT_BUFFER,
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: SOURCE_TOKEN_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: DESTINATION_TOKEN_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
        pubkey: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  // Adding up all the above instructions
  transaction.add(
    createMintAccountIx,
    initializeMintIx,
    createSourceTokenAccountIx,
    initializeSourceTokenAccountIx,
    mintTokensIx,
    createDestinationTokenAccountIx,
    initializeDestinationTokenAccountIx,
    transferTokensIx
  );

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [
    PAYER_KEYPAIR,
    TOKEN_MINT_ACCOUNT,
    SOURCE_TOKEN_ACCOUNT,
    DESTINATION_TOKEN_ACCOUNT,
  ]);

  console.log(`Token transfer CPI success: ${txHash}`);
})();

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(async () => {
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "EfYK91eN3AqTwY1C34W6a33qGAtQ8HJYVhNv7cV4uMZj"
  );

  const transferTokensIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    data: TOKEN_TRANSFER_AMOUNT_BUFFER,
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: SOURCE_TOKEN_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: DESTINATION_TOKEN_ACCOUNT.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
        pubkey: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  transaction.add(transferTokensIx);

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [
    PAYER_KEYPAIR,
    TOKEN_MINT_ACCOUNT,
    SOURCE_TOKEN_ACCOUNT,
    DESTINATION_TOKEN_ACCOUNT,
  ]);

  console.log(`Token transfer CPI success: ${txHash}`);
})();

现在让我们来看另一个例子，即System Program的create_account指令。这里与上面提到的指令有一点不同。在上述例子中，我们不需要在invoke函数中将token_program作为账户之一传递。然而，在某些情况下，您需要传递调用指令的program_id。在我们的例子中，它将是System Program的program_id（"11111111111111111111111111111111"）。所以现在所需的账户包括：

负责支付租金的支付账户
将要创建的账户
系统程序（System Program）账户

Press </> button to view full source

use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    msg,
    program::invoke,
    program_error::ProgramError,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
    rent::Rent,
    system_instruction::create_account,
    sysvar::Sysvar,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

// Accounts required
/// 1. [signer, writable] Payer Account
/// 2. [signer, writable] General State Account
/// 3. [] System Program
pub fn process_instruction(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();

    // Accounts required for token transfer

    // 1. Payer account for the state account creation
    let payer_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // 2. Token account we hold
    let general_state_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // 3. System Program
    let system_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    msg!(
        "Creating account for {}",
        general_state_account.key.to_string()
    );

    // Parsing the token transfer amount from instruction data
    // a. Getting the 0th to 8th index of the u8 byte array
    // b. Converting the obtained non zero u8 to a proper u8 (as little endian integers)
    // c. Converting the little endian integers to a u64 number
    let account_span = instruction_data
        .get(..8)
        .and_then(|slice| slice.try_into().ok())
        .map(u64::from_le_bytes)
        .ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData)?;

    let lamports_required = (Rent::get()?).minimum_balance(account_span as usize);

    // Creating a new TransactionInstruction
    /*
        Internal representation of the instruction's return value (Instruction)

        Instruction::new_with_bincode(
            system_program::id(), // NOT PASSED FROM USER
            &SystemInstruction::CreateAccount {
                lamports,
                space,
                owner: *owner,
            },
            account_metas,
        )
    */

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(
        &payer_account.key,
        &general_state_account.key,
        lamports_required,
        account_span,
        program_id,
    );

    let required_accounts_for_create = [
        payer_account.clone(),
        general_state_account.clone(),
        system_program.clone(),
    ];

    // Passing the TransactionInstruction to send (with the issused program_id)
    invoke(&create_account_instruction, &required_accounts_for_create)?;

    msg!("Transfer successful");

    Ok(())
}

let account_span = instruction_data
    .get(..8)
    .and_then(|slice| slice.try_into().ok())
    .map(u64::from_le_bytes)
    .ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData)?;

let lamports_required = (Rent::get()?).minimum_balance(account_span as usize);

let create_account_instruction = create_account(
    &payer_account.key,
    &general_state_account.key,
    lamports_required,
    account_span,
    program_id,
);

let required_accounts_for_create = [
    payer_account.clone(),
    general_state_account.clone(),
    system_program.clone(),
];

invoke(&create_account_instruction, &required_accounts_for_create)?;

对应的客户端代码如下所示：

Press </> button to view full source

import { clusterApiUrl, Connection, Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { LAMPORTS_PER_SOL, PublicKey, SystemProgram } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { Transaction, TransactionInstruction } from "@solana/web3.js";

import * as BN from "bn.js";

// Users
const PAYER_KEYPAIR = Keypair.generate();
const GENERAL_STATE_KEYPAIR = Keypair.generate();

const ACCOUNT_SPACE_BUFFER = Buffer.from(
  Uint8Array.of(...new BN(100).toArray("le", 8))
);

(async () => {
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "DkuQ5wsndkzXfgqDB6Lgf4sDjBi4gkLSak1dM5Mn2RuQ"
  );

  // Airdropping some SOL
  await connection.confirmTransaction(
    await connection.requestAirdrop(PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
  );

  // Our program's CPI instruction (create_account)
  const createAccountIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    data: ACCOUNT_SPACE_BUFFER,
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: GENERAL_STATE_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
        pubkey: SystemProgram.programId,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  // Adding up all the above instructions
  transaction.add(createAccountIx);

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [
    PAYER_KEYPAIR,
    GENERAL_STATE_KEYPAIR,
  ]);

  console.log(`Create Account CPI Success: ${txHash}`);
})();

(async () => {
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "DkuQ5wsndkzXfgqDB6Lgf4sDjBi4gkLSak1dM5Mn2RuQ"
  );

  // Airdropping some SOL
  await connection.confirmTransaction(
    await connection.requestAirdrop(PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
  );

  // Our program's CPI instruction (create_account)
  const creataAccountIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    data: ACCOUNT_SPACE_BUFFER,
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: GENERAL_STATE_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
        pubkey: SystemProgram.programId,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  // Adding up all the above instructions
  transaction.add(creataAccountIx);

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [
    PAYER_KEYPAIR,
    GENERAL_STATE_KEYPAIR,
  ]);

  console.log(`Create Account CPI Success: ${txHash}`);
})();

如何创建PDA

程序派生地址（Program Derived Address，PDA）是程序拥有的账户，但没有私钥。相反，它的签名是通过一组种子和一个阻碍值（一个确保其不在曲线上的随机数）获取的。"生成"程序地址与"创建"它是不同的。可以使用Pubkey::find_program_address来生成PDA。创建PDA实质上意味着初始化该地址的空间并将其状态设置为初始状态。普通的密钥对账户可以在我们的程序之外创建，然后将其用于初始化PDA的状态。不幸的是，对于PDA来说，它必须在链上创建，因为它本身无法代表自己进行签名。因此，我们使用invoke_signed来传递PDA的种子，以及资金账户的签名，从而实现了PDA的账户创建。

Press </> button to view full source

use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    program::invoke_signed,
    program_error::ProgramError,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
    rent::Rent,
    system_instruction,
    sysvar::Sysvar,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub struct HelloState {
    is_initialized: bool,
}

// Accounts required
/// 1. [signer, writable] Funding account
/// 2. [writable] PDA account
/// 3. [] System Program
pub fn process_instruction(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    const ACCOUNT_DATA_LEN: usize = 1;

    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    // Getting required accounts
    let funding_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    let pda_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    let system_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    // Getting PDA Bump from instruction data
    let (pda_bump, _) = instruction_data
        .split_first()
        .ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?;

    // Checking if passed PDA and expected PDA are equal
    let signers_seeds: &[&[u8]; 3] = &[
        b"customaddress",
        &funding_account.key.to_bytes(),
        &[*pda_bump],
    ];
    let pda = Pubkey::create_program_address(signers_seeds, program_id)?;

    if pda.ne(&pda_account.key) {
        return Err(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData);
    }

    // Assessing required lamports and creating transaction instruction
    let lamports_required = Rent::get()?.minimum_balance(ACCOUNT_DATA_LEN);
    let create_pda_account_ix = system_instruction::create_account(
        &funding_account.key,
        &pda_account.key,
        lamports_required,
        ACCOUNT_DATA_LEN.try_into().unwrap(),
        &program_id,
    );
    // Invoking the instruction but with PDAs as additional signer
    invoke_signed(
        &create_pda_account_ix,
        &[
            funding_account.clone(),
            pda_account.clone(),
            system_program.clone(),
        ],
        &[signers_seeds],
    )?;

    // Setting state for PDA
    let mut pda_account_state = HelloState::try_from_slice(&pda_account.data.borrow())?;
    pda_account_state.is_initialized = true;
    pda_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut pda_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;

    Ok(())
}

let create_pda_account_ix = system_instruction::create_account(
    &funding_account.key,
    &pda_account.key,
    lamports_required,
    ACCOUNT_DATA_LEN.try_into().unwrap(),
    &program_id,
);

invoke_signed(
    &create_pda_account_ix,
    &[funding_account.clone(), pda_account.clone()],
    &[signers_seeds],
)?;

可以通过客户端按如下方式发送所需的账户：

Press </> button to view full source

import {
  clusterApiUrl,
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  PublicKey,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

const PAYER_KEYPAIR = Keypair.generate();

(async () => {
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "6eW5nnSosr2LpkUGCdznsjRGDhVb26tLmiM1P8RV1QQp"
  );

  // Airdop to Payer
  await connection.confirmTransaction(
    await connection.requestAirdrop(PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
  );

  const [pda, bump] = await PublicKey.findProgramAddress(
    [Buffer.from("customaddress"), PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey.toBuffer()],
    programId
  );

  console.log(`PDA Pubkey: ${pda.toString()}`);

  const createPDAIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    data: Buffer.from(Uint8Array.of(bump)),
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: pda,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
        pubkey: SystemProgram.programId,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  transaction.add(createPDAIx);

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [PAYER_KEYPAIR]);
  console.log(`Created PDA successfully. Tx Hash: ${txHash}`);
})();

const PAYER_KEYPAIR = Keypair.generate();

(async () => {
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");
  const programId = new PublicKey(
    "6eW5nnSosr2LpkUGCdznsjRGDhVb26tLmiM1P8RV1QQp"
  );

  const [pda, bump] = await PublicKey.findProgramAddress(
    [Buffer.from("customaddress"), PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey.toBuffer()],
    programId
  );

  const createPDAIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    data: Buffer.from(Uint8Array.of(bump)),
    keys: [
      {
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: PAYER_KEYPAIR.publicKey,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
        pubkey: pda,
      },
      {
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
        pubkey: SystemProgram.programId,
      },
    ],
  });

  const transaction = new Transaction();
  transaction.add(createPDAIx);

  const txHash = await connection.sendTransaction(transaction, [PAYER_KEYPAIR]);
})();

如何读取账户

在Solana中，几乎所有的指令都至少需要2-3个账户，并且在指令处理程序中会说明它期望的账户顺序。如果我们利用Rust中的iter()方法，而不是手动索引账户，那么这将非常简单。next_account_info方法基本上是对可迭代对象的第一个索引进行切片，并返回账户数组中存在的账户。让我们看一个简单的指令，它期望一堆账户并需要解析每个账户。

Press </> button to view full source

use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub struct HelloState {
    is_initialized: bool,
}

// Accounts required
/// 1. [signer] Payer
/// 2. [writable] Hello state account
/// 3. [] Rent account
/// 4. [] System Program
pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    // Fetching all the accounts as a iterator (facilitating for loops and iterations)
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    // Payer account
    let payer_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Hello state account
    let hello_state_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Rent account
    let rent_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // System Program
    let system_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    Ok(())
}

pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    // Fetching all the accounts as a iterator (facilitating for loops and iterations)
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    // Payer account
    let payer_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Hello state account
    let hello_state_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Rent account
    let rent_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // System Program
    let system_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    Ok(())
}

如何验证账户

由于Solana中的程序是无状态的，作为程序创建者，我们必须尽可能验证传递的账户，以避免任何恶意账户的进入。可以进行的基本检查包括：

检查预期的签名账户是否已签名。
检查预期的状态账户是否已标记为可写。
检查预期的状态账户的所有者是否为调用程序的程序ID。
如果首次初始化状态，请检查账户是否已经初始化。
检查是否按预期传递了任何跨程序的ID（在需要时）。

下面是一个基本的指令，它使用上述检查初始化英雄状态账户的示例：

Press </> button to view full source

use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    clock::Clock,
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    msg,
    program_error::ProgramError,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
    rent::Rent,
    system_program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
    sysvar::Sysvar,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub struct HelloState {
    is_initialized: bool,
}

// Accounts required
/// 1. [signer] Payer
/// 2. [writable] Hello state account
/// 3. [] System Program
pub fn process_instruction(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    // Payer account
    let payer_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // Hello state account
    let hello_state_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    // System Program
    let system_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    let rent = Rent::get()?;

    // Checking if payer account is the signer
    if !payer_account.is_signer {
        return Err(ProgramError::MissingRequiredSignature);
    }

    // Checking if hello state account is rent exempt
    if !rent.is_exempt(hello_state_account.lamports(), 1) {
        return Err(ProgramError::AccountNotRentExempt);
    }

    // Checking if hello state account is writable
    if !hello_state_account.is_writable {
        return Err(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData);
    }

    // Checking if hello state account's owner is the current program
    if hello_state_account.owner.ne(&program_id) {
        return Err(ProgramError::IllegalOwner);
    }

    // Checking if the system program is valid
    if system_program.key.ne(&SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID) {
        return Err(ProgramError::IncorrectProgramId);
    }

    let mut hello_state = HelloState::try_from_slice(&hello_state_account.data.borrow())?;

    // Checking if the state has already been initialized
    if hello_state.is_initialized {
        return Err(ProgramError::AccountAlreadyInitialized);
    }

    hello_state.is_initialized = true;
    hello_state.serialize(&mut &mut hello_state_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
    msg!("Account initialized :)");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn process_instruction(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    let payer_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    let hello_state_account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;
    let system_program = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    let rent = Rent::get()?;

    // Checking if payer account is the signer
    if !payer_account.is_signer {
        return Err(ProgramError::MissingRequiredSignature);
    }

    // Checking if hello state account is rent exempt
    if !rent.is_exempt(hello_state_account.lamports(), 1) {
        return Err(ProgramError::AccountNotRentExempt);
    }

    // Checking if hello state account is writable
    if !hello_state_account.is_writable {
        return Err(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData);
    }

    // Checking if hello state account's owner is the current program
    if hello_state_account.owner.ne(&program_id) {
        return Err(ProgramError::IllegalOwner);
    }

    // Checking if the system program is valid
    if system_program.key.ne(&SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID) {
        return Err(ProgramError::IncorrectProgramId);
    }

    let mut hello_state = HelloState::try_from_slice(&hello_state_account.data.borrow())?;

    // Checking if the state has already been initialized
    if hello_state.is_initialized {
        return Err(ProgramError::AccountAlreadyInitialized);
    }

    hello_state.is_initialized = true;
    hello_state.serialize(&mut &mut hello_state_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
    msg!("Account initialized :)");

    Ok(())
}

如何从一个交易中读取多个指令

Solana允许我们查看当前交易中的所有指令。我们可以将它们存储在一个变量中，并对其进行迭代。我们可以利用这一点做许多事情，比如检查可疑的交易。

Press </> button to view full source

use anchor_lang::{
    prelude::*,
    solana_program::{
        sysvar,
        serialize_utils::{read_pubkey,read_u16}
    }
};


declare_id!("8DJXJRV8DBFjJDYyU9cTHBVK1F1CTCi6JUBDVfyBxqsT");

#[program]
pub mod cookbook {
    use super::*;

    pub fn read_multiple_instruction<'info>(ctx: Context<ReadMultipleInstruction>, creator_bump: u8) -> Result<()> {
        let instruction_sysvar_account = &ctx.accounts.instruction_sysvar_account;

        let instruction_sysvar_account_info = instruction_sysvar_account.to_account_info();

        let id = "8DJXJRV8DBFjJDYyU9cTHBVK1F1CTCi6JUBDVfyBxqsT";

        let instruction_sysvar = instruction_sysvar_account_info.data.borrow();

        let mut idx = 0;

        let num_instructions = read_u16(&mut idx, &instruction_sysvar)
        .map_err(|_| MyError::NoInstructionFound)?;

        for index in 0..num_instructions {
            let mut current = 2 + (index * 2) as usize;
            let start = read_u16(&mut current, &instruction_sysvar).unwrap();

            current = start as usize;
            let num_accounts = read_u16(&mut current, &instruction_sysvar).unwrap();
            current += (num_accounts as usize) * (1 + 32);
            let program_id = read_pubkey(&mut current, &instruction_sysvar).unwrap();

            if program_id != id
            {
                msg!("Transaction had ix with program id {}", program_id);
                return Err(MyError::SuspiciousTransaction.into());
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

}

#[derive(Accounts)]
#[instruction(creator_bump:u8)]
pub struct ReadMultipleInstruction<'info> {
    #[account(address = sysvar::instructions::id())]
    instruction_sysvar_account: UncheckedAccount<'info>
}

#[error_code]
pub enum MyError {
    #[msg("No instructions found")]
    NoInstructionFound,
    #[msg("Suspicious transaction detected")]
    SuspiciousTransaction
}

let mut idx = 0;
let num_instructions = read_u16(&mut idx, &instruction_sysvar)
.map_err(|_| MyError::NoInstructionFound)?;


for index in 0..num_instructions {
    
    let mut current = 2 + (index * 2) as usize;
    let start = read_u16(&mut current, &instruction_sysvar).unwrap();

    current = start as usize;
    let num_accounts = read_u16(&mut current, &instruction_sysvar).unwrap();
    current += (num_accounts as usize) * (1 + 32);

}

# 编写程序

# 如何在程序中转移 SOL

# 如何在程序中获取时钟

# 在指令中将时钟作为一个账户传递

# 在指令内部直接访问时钟

# 如何更改账户大小

# 跨程序调用的方法

# 如何创建PDA

# 如何读取账户

# 如何验证账户

# 如何从一个交易中读取多个指令

编写程序

如何在程序中转移 SOL

如何在程序中获取时钟

在指令中将时钟作为一个账户传递

在指令内部直接访问时钟

如何更改账户大小

跨程序调用的方法

如何创建PDA

如何读取账户

如何验证账户

如何从一个交易中读取多个指令